Caracterización de compost de residuos sólidos orgánicos urbanos de seis distritos de la provincia Leoncio Prado, Perú

En Perú, al 2019, solo el 6,4 % de los distritos disponen sus residuos urbanos en rellenos sanitarios, los cuales, están en situación de colapso, lo que exige buscar alternativas para mejorar la gestión de estos residuos y, frente a ello, el compostaje se perfila como una tecnología simple y económica, empleada para el tratamiento del componente orgánico, para reducir daños a la salud y al ambiente, sin embargo, la falta de criterios técnicos en su aplicación está afectando la calidad del compost final. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar los criterios técnicos de procesamiento y la calidad del compost, a través de residuos sólidos urbanos en los distritos de la provincia Leoncio Prado. La investigación identificó los distritos que aplican el compostaje a sus residuos y evaluó la técnica de procesamiento, indicadores fisicoquímicos y determinó la calidad con base en normas técnicas internacionales. Los resultados muestran que seis de diez distritos aplican el compostaje y los indicadores fisicoquímicos contrastados con los criterios de calidad de la norma técnica chilena (NCH 2880), colombiana 5167 y de la OMS, corresponden a compost de calidad intermedia (Clase B). Los compost evaluados no representan riesgo ambiental y pueden ser utilizados como enmienda en la mejora del suelo y los cultivos con algunas restricciones, por presentar valores elevados de humedad, pH y bajos niveles de P, Ca, Mg y K.

At 2019, in Peru, only 6.4 % of the districts dispose of their urban waste in sanitary landfills, which are in a situation of collapse, therefore is needed looking for alternatives to improve the management of this waste, facing this, composting is emerging as a simple and economical technology used for the treatment of the organic component, thus, reducing damage to health and the environment, however, the lack of technical criteria in its application is affecting the quality of the final compost. The objective of this research was to evaluate the technical criteria for processing and the quality of compost based on municipal solid waste in the districts of Leoncio Prado province. The research identified the districts that apply composting to their waste and evaluated the processing technique, physicochemical indicators and determined the quality based on international technical standards. The results show that six out of ten districts apply composting, and the physicochemical indicators contrasted with the quality criteria of the Chilean technical standard (NCH 2880), Colombian 5167 and WHO, correspond to intermediate quality compost (Class B). The evaluated compost does not represent an environmental risk and can be used as an amendment in soil and crop improvement with some restrictions, since it has high moisture, pH and low levels of P, Ca, Mg and K.

Comparison between cattle manure, organic compost, and vermicompost in the production of Eucalyptus urograndis seedlings / Comparação entre esterco bovino, composto orgânico e vermicomposto na produção de mudas de Eucalyptus urograndis

ABSTRACT: Composting and vermicomposting before addition to the soil is a viable alternative to the disposal of cattle manure. However, this residue has been used in the untreated form for seedling production. This study evaluated the use of cattle manure in natura, and the organic composted or vermicomposted variants of cattle manure on substrates used in the production of Eucalyptus urograndis seedlings. The treatments consisted of substrates formulated by mixing the organic fertilizers with washed sand in 20, 40, 60, 80 or 100 (v/v) percentages, compared to a commercial substrate. The E. urograndis seedlings were grown in tubes in a greenhouse and evaluated after 120 days for shoot and root dry weights, plant height, stem diameter, shoot/root ratio, and Dickson quality index. The substrate formulated from a mixture of 80% (v/v) of cattle manure in natura and washed sand allows for better development in Eucalyptus seedlings. Substrate containing 100% bovine manure vermicompost or organic compost produced seedlings with lower quality than in natura bovine manure but superior to the commercial substrate. Due to the health risks associated with use of untreated bovine manure, organic compost and vermicompost are good alternatives for the production of E. urograndis seedlings.

RESUMO: Uma alternativa para destinar corretamente o esterco bovino é realizar a compostagem e/ou vermicompostagem e depois adicioná-lo ao solo como fonte de nutrientes às plantas. Porém, este resíduo tem sido utilizado na produção de mudas sem tratamento. O estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o uso de esterco bovino in natura, de composto orgânico e de vermicomposto, produzidos a partir do esterco bovino, em substratos para a produção de mudas de Eucalyptus urograndis. Os tratamentos constituíram-se dos substratos formulados pela mistura dos fertilizantes orgânicos com areia lavada nas porcentagens de 20, 40, 60, 80 e 100 (v/v), em comparação com um substrato comercial (SC). As mudas de Eucalyptus urograndis foram cultivadas em tubetes, em casa de vegetação, e avaliadas aos 120 dias quanto a massa seca da parte aérea e raiz, altura da planta, diâmetro do caule, relação parte aérea/raiz e índice de qualidade de Dickson. O substrato formulado pela mistura de 80% (v/v) de esterco bovino in natura com areia lavada proporcionou o melhor desenvolvimento das mudas de eucalipto. O substrato contendo 100% de vermicomposto de esterco bovino ou composto orgânico produziu mudas com qualidade inferior ao esterco bovino in natura, mas superior ao substrato comercial. Devido aos riscos à saúde associados ao uso de esterco bovino não tratado, o composto orgânico e o vermicomposto são boas alternativas para a produção de mudas de E. urograndis.

Effect of different culture media on growth of Chlorella sorokiniana and the influence of microalgal effluents on the germination of lettuce seeds

Increased use of microalgae as food additives, biofuels, pharmaceuticals and in waste treatment increases effluent production. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of different culture media on growth of Chlorella sorokiniana and the influence of the cultural refuse on seed germination of lettuce (Lactuca sativa). The microalga was grown in different media for 27 days. The maximum specific growth rate (µmax) during mixotrophic growth phase was obtained in the novel medium composed of 50% NPK medium and 50% Bold Basal medium supplemented with glucose (1 g L-1). Cell proliferation in Bold Basal and NPK media presented a very close µmax values, indicating that NPK may be a good option for low-cost microalgal production. The effluents from the microalgal culture failed to induce any marked variation in the germination of lettuce seeds. This clearly shows that the microalgal effluent does not cause any toxicity to germinating lettuce seeds. Thus C. sorokiniana cultivation combined with horticulture can be utilized as a feasible productive integrated system.

Effect of NPK, Bio and Organic Fertilizers on Growth, Herb Yield, Oil Production and Anatomical Structure of (Cymbopogon citratus, Stapf) Plant

This study was carried out at the Department of Ornamental Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, in Egypt during the two successive seasons of 2015 and 2016. The experiment was designed using a complete randomized blocks design. Eco-friendly agriculture has its priority for safe products, so the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of bio fertilizers (Nitrobien and Phosphorien) at 1, 2 and 4 g/plant, compost and poultry manure at the rates of 5, 10 and 15 ton/ feddan (feddan= 4200 m2) as alternative to NPK (recommended dose), on growth and anatomical characters of Cymbopogon citratusplants. The results showed that the highest number of tillers per plant (49.07) and leaf area (83.99 cm2) obtained by the high rate of poultry treatment (15 ton/feddan) at the second cut in the second season. Thus the result obtained showed that the organic fertilizers had a better effect on total herb fresh and dry weights per plant than bio fertilizer treatments. The poultry manure at the rate of 10 ton/feddan resulted in the maximum total herb fresh yield with value 56.53 ton per feddan and total herb dry yield with value 16.94 ton per feddan, in the second season. The essential oil production per feddan at the first cut (in August) was more than at the second cut (in October) in both seasons. The highest oil yield per feddan was recorded in the second season by the poultry manure at the rate of 10 ton/feddan with values 82.26 and 51.85 l/feddan at the first and second cut, respectively. The anatomical study showed that the best thickness of the leaf sheath at the midrib region was due to treating the lemongrass plants by poultry at the rate of 10 ton/feddan. The increasing ratio was 16.7% compared to control. This treatment showed the best results in the total number of vascular bundles, in addition to the No. of large bundles and their dimensions. From these results, it could be recommended that poultry manure was the best treatment for lemongrass growth and getting highly clean yield.

Effect of Bio and Organic Fertilizers on Oil Production and Chemical Composition of Lemongrass Plant

This study was carried out at the Department of Ornamental Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University during the two successive seasons of 2015 and 2016. The experiment was designed using a complete randomized blocks design. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of NPK (recommended dose), biofertilizers (Nitrobien and Phosphorien) at 1,2 and 4 g/plant, compost and poultry manure at the rates of 5, 10 and 15 ton/ feddan (feddan=4200 m2) on essential oil production and biochemical compositions of Cymbopogon citratus plants. The results showed that the average percentage of essential oil ranged between 0.140-0.300% at the first cut and 0.133-0.283% at the second cut of the two seasons, respectively. First cut (in August) resulted in more essential oil production than second cut (in October). Poultry manure produced the maximum essential oil yield/plant compared to control and the other fertilizer treatments. The main components in essential oil of lemongrass were β. myrcene, linalool, neral (citral b), geranial (citral a) and geranyl acetate identified by GC. Arranged in descending order, the major constituents were citral a and citral b which reached to 69.72- 81.39% in the oil. Compost at the rate of 10 ton/ feddan was the most effective application in citral content which reached to 81.39%. The organic applications positively affected pigments content of lemongrass plant. The highest herb content of phosphorus and potassium resulted from the plants treated by compost at the rate of 10 ton/ feddan and nitrobien at the rate of 2 g/plant.

Respuesta del maíz híbrido 4028 a la aplicación de enmiendas orgánicas en un suelo de Córdoba - Colombia / Response of hybrid maize 4028 on the application of organic amendments on soil Córdoba - Colombia / Resposta de milho híbrido 4028 à aplicação de emenda orgânico em um solo de Cordoba - Colômbia

Resumen En suelos del Valle del Sinú Medio de mediana fertilidad se evaluó, en un cultivo de maíz hibrido, el efecto de varias fuentes de abonos orgánicos, cuyos tratamientos fueron los siguientes: T1 (Bocashi), T2 (compost con volteos semanales sin microorganismos eficientes (EM), T3 (compost con volteos semanales con EM), T4 (compost con volteos quincenales sin EM), T5 (compost con volteos quincenales con EM), TR (testigo relativo, con NPK en dosis de 100-40-30 kg.ha-1), y T0 (testigo absoluto, sin aplicación de abono ni fertilizante). La dosis de abono utilizado fue de 2 t.ha-1. Las variables evaluadas fueron rendimiento de grano y crecimiento del cultivo, de las cuales se estimaron los índices fisiológicos (TCA o tasa de crecimiento absoluto, TCR o tasa de crecimiento relativo y TAN o tasa de asimilación neta); el diseño experimental usado fue de bloques completos al azar. Se obtuvo que los mayores rendimientos de grano correspondieron a la fertilización química (6.86 t. ha-1) y a la fertilización con Bocashi (6.40 t. ha-1) sin diferencias estadísticas significativas entre estos dos tratamientos. Por otro lado, no se encontraron diferencias estadísticas significativas en los parámetros fisiológicos evaluados como altura de planta, número de hojas, masa seca y área foliar. Para este experimento se concluye que el Bocashi puede sustituir la fertilización química bajo las condiciones edafoclimáticas del Valle del Sinú Medio

Abstrac In soils of Valle de Sinú Medio of medium fertility, the effect of several sources of organic fertilizers was evaluated in a hybrid corn crop, whose treatments were the following:: T1 (Bocashi), T2 (compost with weekly mixture without effective microorganisms EM-); T3(compost weekly mixture with EM); T4 (compost with fortnightly mixture without MS); T5 (compost with fortnightly mixture with MS), T6 at doses 2 t.ha-1 for all treatments with organic fertilizers and the absolute check (T0) received no fertilizers, while the relative check (TR) was fertilized with NPK doses of 100-40-30 kg.ha-1. The evaluated variables were grain yield and crop growth, of which the physiological indices were estimated (TCA or absolute growth rate, TCR or relative growth rate and TAN or net assimilation rate); the experimental design used was randomized complete blocks. It was found that the highest grain yield corresponded to chemical fertilization (6.86 t ha-1) and fertilization with Bocashi (6.40 t ha-1) without significant statistical differences between these two treatments. On the other hand, no significant statistical differences were found in the physiological parameters evaluated as plant height, number of leaves, dry mass and foliar area. For this experiment it is concluded that the Bocashi can substitute the chemical fertilization under the edaphoclimatic conditions of the Valley of the Middle Sinú.

Resumo Em solos de Valle del Sinu Medio de fertilidade média, foi availado o efeito de diversas fontes de fertilizantes orgânicos em uma cultura de milho híbrido, cujos tratamentos foram os seguintes: T1 (Bocashi), T2 (compost semanal misturando sem microrganismos eficazes EM), T3 (compost semanal misturando mais MS), T4 (compost quinsenal misturado sem MS), T5 (compost quinzenal misturado com MS), em doses 2 t ha-1 para todas as tratamentos e tratamento control (T0) sem nenhum fertilizante ou adubos orgânicos, enquanto a tratamento control relativo (TR) só fertilizado com NPK en doses 100-40-30 kg ha-1. As variáveis avaliadas foram rendimento de grãos e crescimento da cultura da milho, das quais foram estimados os índices fisiológicos (TCA ou taxa de crescimento absoluto, TCR ou taxa de crescimento relativo e TAN ou taxa de assimilação líquida), o delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos inteiramente casualizado. Verificou-se que os maiores rendimentos de grãos corresponderam à adubação química (6,86 t ha-1) e a adubação com Bocashi (6,40 t ha-1), sem diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os dois tratamentos. Por outro lado, não foram encontradas dife renças estatisticamente significantes nos parâmetros fisiológicos avaliados como altura de planta, número de folhas, massa seca e área foliar. Para este experimento conclui-se que o Bocashi pode substituir a adubação química sob as condições edafoclimáticas do Vale do Médio Sinú.

Produção de biomassa aérea, teor e rendimento de extrato das folhas de crajiru [ Arrabidaea chica (Bonpl. ) B. Verl. ] em função de adubação orgânica em Manaus, estado do Amazonas, Brasil / Aerial biomass production, content and yield of crajiru leaf extract [Arrabidaea chica (Bonpl. ) B. Verl. ] as a function of organic fertilizer in Manaus, state of Amazonas, Brazil

RESUMO A espécie Arrabidaea chica pertencente à família Bignoniaceae é também conhecida popularmente como crajiru. É Utilizada tradicionalmente no tratamento de enfermidades da pele, inflamações, infecções, dentre outros. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produção de biomassa aérea, teor e rendimento de extrato de crajiru em função de diferentes fontes de adubo orgânico em Manaus, AM. As mudas foram formadas através de estacas e mantidas por 60 dias em casa de vegetação. O experimento foi conduzido em esquema fatorial 5x3 com delineamento em blocos casualizados onde os níveis dos fatores foram as diferentes fontes de adubo orgânico: composto (5,0 kg/m2), esterco de aves (3,0 kg/m2), casca de guaraná (4,0 kg/m2), esterco de gado (4,0 kg/m2) e controle (ausência), e os três morfotipos de crajiru. Obedeceu-se o espaçamento de 1,0x1,0 m entre planta e 2,0 m entre blocos. Após 240 dias foram avaliadas a produção de folhas e caules, relação folha/caule, teor de extratos hexânico concentrado em evaporador rotativo obtido pela fórmula: (massa do extrato/massa da amostra total)x100; e o rendimento de extrato estimado pela equação: (%extrato x massa seca total das folhas)/100. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias ao Teste de Tukey (p<0,05). As fontes de adubo orgânico promoveram melhor desenvolvimento das plantas de, exceto para o morfotipo 1. O esterco de aves proporcionou maior produção de biomassa, teor e rendimento de extratos. Dessa forma, sugere-se que a adubação orgânica propicia maior produção de biomassa, teor e rendimento de extratos de A. chica.

ABSTRACT The Arrabidaea chicaspecies belongs to the Bignoniaceae family and is also popularly known as crajiru. It is traditionally used to treat skin diseases, inflammations and infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the biomass production, the content and the yield of crajiru extract in face of different sources of organic fertilizer in Manaus, AM. The seedlings were formed by cuttings and kept for 60 days in a greenhouse. The trial was conducted in a 5x3 factorial design with randomized block organization where the factor levels were different sources of organic fertilizer: compound (5.0 kg / m 2), chicken manure (3.0 kg / m 2), bark guarana (4.0 kg / m2), cattle manure (4.0 kg / m 2) and control (absence), and the three morphotypes of crajiru. It was obeyed the spacing between the plants (1,0 x1,0m) and the blocks (2,0m) . After 240 days it were evaluated the production of leaves and stems, the leaf / stem ratio, and the content of hexane extracts concentrated by rotary evaporation obtained by the following formula: (mass of extract / mass of total sample) x100; and the yield estimated by the equation extract: (% extract x total dry mass of leaves) / 100. The data were subjected to analysis of variance and means to the Tukey"s test (p <0.05). The sources of organic fertilizer promoted better development of plants, except for the morphotype 1. The poultry manure provided higher biomass, content and yield of extracts. Thus, it is suggested that the organic fertilizer provides greater biomass production, content and yield of A. chica extracts.

Presencia de rotavirus durante un proceso de compostaje. Abonos como vectores de contaminación viral / Rotavirus presence in a waste composting process. Organic fertilizers as vehicles for viral contamination / Presença de rotavírus durante um processo de compostagem. Adubos como vetores de contaminação viral

Objetivo: Demostrar la presencia de Rotavirus en las diferentes fases de un proceso de compostaje: matrices utilizadas como materia prima, mezcla a compostar y producto terminado. Materiales y métodos. El Rotavirus se determinó durante los tres procesos de compostaje. La detección viral se realizó por inmunocromatografía, ELISA y RT- PCR. Resultados. Se evidenció presencia viral en el primer proceso de compostaje, ausencia viral en el segundo y en el tercer proceso de compostaje, se presentaron interferencias que dificultaron interpretar los resultados de la PCR, lo cual impidió llegar a un resultado concluyente de su presencia en el abono. Conclusiones. Los abonos orgánicos pueden ser portadores de virus motivo por el cual se deben implementar pruebas de calidad para evitar que este material contribuya con la diseminación viral. Dentro de estos abonos existen sustancias capaces de interferir en las pruebas de detección.

Objective. To show the presence of rotavirus in different stages of a composting process: matrices used as raw material, mixture to be composted and the final product. Materials and methods. Immunochromatography, ELISA and RT-PCR were used for viral detection. Results. Rotavirus was found in the first composting step, no virus was found in the second step, and some inhibitory substances were found in the third step that posed difficulties in interpreting the PCR results and therefore providing a concluding result on rotavirus presence in the final product. Conclusions. Organic fertilizers can be vectors of human pathogenic viruses; therefore quality control tests must be implemented to avoid further viral dissemination. There are inhibitory substances present in organic fertilizers capable of interfering with the detection tests.

Objetivo. Demonstrar a presença de Rotavírus nas diferentes fases de um processo de compostagem: matrizes utilizadas como matéria-prima, mistura de composto e produto final. Materiais e métodos: A determinação do Rotavírus foi realizada nos três processos de compostagem. A detecção viral foi realizada por imunocromatografia, ELISA e RT-PCR. Resultados. Evidenciou-se a presença viral no primeiro processo de compostagem, ausência de vírus no segundo, e no terceiro processo de compostagem, apresentaram-se interferências que dificultaram a interpre tação dos resultados da PCR, tornando impossível chegar a um resultado conclusivo de sua presença no adubo. Conclusões. Os adubos orgânicos podem abrigar o vírus é por isso que se devem implementar provas de qualidade para evitar que esse material contribuía com a disseminação viral. Dentro desses fertilizantes existem substâncias capazes de interferir nas provas de detecção.